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Filename : page-grammar_en_rdoc.ri
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U:RDoc::TopLevel[	i�I""lib/racc/rdoc/grammar.en.rdoc:ETcRDoc::Parser::Simpleo:RDoc::Markup::Document:@parts[vS:RDoc::Markup::Heading:
leveli:	textI" Racc Grammar File Reference;To:RDoc::Markup::BlankLine�S;	;
i;I"Global Structure;T@
S;	;
i;I"$Class Block and User Code Block;T@
o:RDoc::Markup::Paragraph;[I"bThere are two blocks on the toplevel. One is the 'class' block, the other is the 'user code' ;TI"Iblock. The 'user code' block MUST be placed after the 'class' block.;T@
S;	;
i;I"
Comments;T@
o;
;[I"}You can insert comments about all places. Two styles of comments can be used, Ruby style '#.....' and C style '/\*......*\/'.;T@
S;	;
i;I"Class Block;T@
o;
;[I")The class block is formed like this:;T@
o:RDoc::Markup::Verbatim;[I"class CLASS_NAME
;TI"  [precedance table]
;TI"  [token declarations]
;TI"*  [expected number of S/R conflicts]
;TI"  [options]
;TI"#  [semantic value conversion]
;TI"  [start rule]
;TI"
rule
;TI"  GRAMMARS
;T:@format0o;
;[I"YCLASS_NAME is a name of the parser class. This is the name of the generating parser ;TI"class.;T@
o;
;[I"WIf CLASS_NAME includes '::', Racc outputs the module clause. For example, writing ;TI"6"class M::C" causes the code below to be created:;T@
o;;[I"module M
;TI"  class C
;TI"    :
;TI"    :
;TI"  end
;TI"	end
;T;0S;	;
i;I"Grammar Block;T@
o;
;[I"WThe grammar block describes grammar which is able to be understood by the parser. ;TI"Syntax is:;T@
o;;[
I"3(token): (token) (token) (token).... (action)
;TI"
;TI"3(token): (token) (token) (token).... (action)
;TI"3       | (token) (token) (token).... (action)
;TI"3       | (token) (token) (token).... (action)
;T;0o;
;[I"J(action) is an action which is executed when its (token)s are found. ;TI"B(action) is a ruby code block, which is surrounded by braces:;T@
o;;[I"{ print val[0]
;TI"  puts val[1] }
;T;0o;
;[I"ONote that you cannot use '%' string, here document, '%r' regexp in action.;T@
o;
;[I"KActions can be omitted. When it is omitted, '' (empty string) is used.;T@
o;
;[I"]A return value of action is a value of the left side value ($$). It is the value of the ;TI"9result, or the returned value by `return` statement.;T@
o;
;[I"3Here is an example of the whole grammar block.;T@
o;;[I"
rule
;TI"6  goal: definition rules source { result = val }
;TI"
;TI"0  definition:    none      { result = [] }
;TI"9    | definition startdesig  { result[0] = val[1] }
;TI"    | definition
;TI"C             precrule   # this line continues from upper line
;TI"
      {
;TI"         result[1] = val[1]
;TI"
      }
;TI"
;TI"  startdesig: START TOKEN
;T;0o;
;[I"AYou can use the following special local variables in action:;T@
o;;[I"result ($$)
;T;0o;
;[I"FThe value of the left-hand side (lhs). A default value is val[0].;T@
o;;[I"val ($1,$2,$3...)
;T;0o;
;[I"4An array of value of the right-hand side (rhs).;T@
o;;[I"_values (...$-2,$-1,$0)
;T;0o;
;[I"TA stack of values. DO NOT MODIFY this stack unless you know what you are doing.;T@
S;	;
i;I"Operator Precedence;T@
o;
;[I"0This function is equal to '%prec' in yacc. ;TI"To designate this block:;T@
o;;[I"prechigh
;TI"  nonassoc '++'
;TI"  left     '*' '/'
;TI"  left     '+' '-'
;TI"  right    '='
;TI"
preclow
;T;0o;
;[I"6`right` is yacc's %right, `left` is yacc's %left.;T@
o;
;[I"'`=` + (symbol) means yacc's %prec:;T@
o;;[I"prechigh
;TI"  nonassoc UMINUS
;TI"  left '*' '/'
;TI"  left '+' '-'
;TI"
preclow
;TI"
;TI"
rule
;TI"  exp: exp '*' exp
;TI"     | exp '-' exp
;TI"?     | '-' exp       =UMINUS   # equals to "%prec UMINUS"
;TI"         :
;TI"         :
;T;0S;	;
i;I"expect;T@
o;
;[I")Racc has bison's "expect" directive.;T@
o;;[I"# Example
;TI"
;TI"class MyParser
;TI"
rule
;TI"  expect 3
;TI"    :
;TI"    :
;T;0o;
;[I"MThis directive declares "expected" number of shift/reduce conflicts. If ;TI"Q"expected" number is equal to real number of conflicts, Racc does not print ;TI"conflict warning message.;T@
S;	;
i;I"Declaring Tokens;T@
o;
;[I"QBy declaring tokens, you can avoid many meaningless bugs. If declared token ;TI"Pdoes not exist or existing token does not decleared, Racc output warnings. ;TI"Declaration syntax is:;T@
o;;[I""token TOKEN_NAME AND_IS_THIS
;TI"5      ALSO_THIS_IS AGAIN_AND_AGAIN THIS_IS_LAST
;T;0S;	;
i;I"Options;T@
o;
;[I">You can write options for Racc command in your Racc file.;T@
o;;[I"options OPTION OPTION ...
;T;0o;
;[I"Options are:;T@
o;;[I"omit_action_call
;T;0o;
;[I"$omits empty action call or not.;T@
o;;[I"result_var
;T;0o;
;[I")uses local variable "result" or not.;T@
o;
;[I"7You can use 'no_' prefix to invert their meanings.;T@
S;	;
i;I"Converting Token Symbol;T@
o;
;[I"#Token symbols are, as default,;T@
o;;[	I"Fnaked token string in Racc file (TOK, XFILE, this_is_token, ...)
;TI"4--> symbol (:TOK, :XFILE, :this_is_token, ...)
;TI"(quoted string (':', '.', '(', ...)
;TI"*--> same string (':', '.', '(', ...)
;T;0o;
;[I"5You can change this default by "convert" block. ;TI"Here is an example:;T@
o;;[	I"
convert
;TI"E  PLUS 'PlusClass'      # We use PlusClass for symbol of `PLUS'
;TI"E  MIN  'MinusClass'     # We use MinusClass for symbol of `MIN'
;TI"	end
;T;0o;
;[I"CWe can use almost all ruby value can be used by token symbol, ;TI"Cexcept 'false' and 'nil'.  These cause unexpected parse error.;T@
o;
;[I"JIf you want to use String as token symbol, special care is required. ;TI"For example:;T@
o;;[
I"
convert
;TI"1  class '"cls"'            # in code, "cls"
;TI"4  PLUS '"plus\n"'          # in code, "plus\n"
;TI";  MIN  "\"minus#{val}\""   # in code, \"minus#{val}\"
;TI"	end
;T;0S;	;
i;I"Start Rule;T@
o;
;[I"/'%start' in yacc. This changes start rule.;T@
o;;[I"start real_target
;T;0S;	;
i;I"User Code Block;T@
o;
;[I"R"User Code Block" is a Ruby source code which is copied to output. There are ;TI";three user code blocks, "header" "inner" and "footer".;T@
o;
;[I"&Format of user code is like this:;T@
o;;[I"---- header
;TI"  ruby statement
;TI"  ruby statement
;TI"  ruby statement
;TI"
;TI"---- inner
;TI"  ruby statement
;TI"     :
;TI"     :
;T;0o;
;[I"PIf four '-' exist on the line head, Racc treats it as the beginning of the ;TI"Huser code block.  The name of the user code block must be one word.;T:
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